Livermorium is a radioactive element produced by bombarding curium with calcium nuclei. Its name recognizes Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's role in the research collaboration. Evidence comes from tiny numbers of short-lived atoms, so a place in the periodic table should not imply an observed everyday material.
FROM ELEMENT TO APPLICATION
AN ELEMENT IN CONTEXT
Why did producing known livermorium with titanium-50 matter for future element searches?
Livermorium produced with a titanium-50 beam
FOLLOW THIS RELATIONSHIP
Identify the demonstrated product
The reported experiment produced livermorium, an already known element. Its significance therefore concerns a production approach and its demonstrated result, rather than the discovery of a new atomic number.
Explore the model (optional)
LvFORM → INTERACTION → CONSEQUENCE
Follow the explanation in either direction. These are authored steps, not a physical clock.
Optional: check your understanding
USE THE EXPLANATION
Which statement accurately describes the reported advance?
Atomic identity, reference properties and structure models
INTERACTIVE 3D116 visible sites
An electron censusDrag to rotate · scroll or pinch to zoom
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4. Grouping electrons by principal shell connects the neutral-atom configuration to periodic-table patterns.
What this representation means
A three-dimensional counting diagram. Dots are count markers, not measured electron positions; spherical placement and spacing are arbitrary. There are no electron trajectories here. Orbitals describe quantum states.
For superheavy elements, this configuration is a theoretical assignment. It does not establish measured bulk chemistry or a material state.
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HISTORY & HUMAN DISCOVERY
An established element becomes a test for new approaches
Livermorium was discovered through Dubna–Livermore experiments in 2000, with discovery recognition in 2011 and naming in 2012. Its name honors Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the city of Livermore. A later 2024 experiment produced livermorium using a titanium beam, demonstrating a different approach relevant to searches for still heavier elements. An already known element can therefore become a benchmark for evaluating a new experimental method.
2000
Discovery evidence
The Dubna–Livermore collaboration identifies element 116.
2012
Name approved
Livermorium, Lv, is approved after recognition in 2011.
Livermorium is manufactured in accelerator-based nuclear reactions and observed through radioactive events. It has no known natural deposit or commercial material supply. Different production experiments may reach the same element through different combinations of , but the resulting and the evidence supporting its identity must still be specified.
The listed configuration is predicted. Group 16 placement suggests comparisons with polonium, while relativistic effects complicate expectations for the outer electrons. Direct knowledge is dominated by nuclear production and ; a proposed chemical state or bulk material property should be identified as theoretical rather than described as measured.
Each section links its supporting references. Descriptions and diagrams were authored for this atlas. Source checks completed. Source checks dated 2026-09-06.
CITE THIS PAGE
Family labels and the group-3 layout are teaching conventions. A table position does not establish an unknown bulk property. Electronic configurations refer to neutral atoms; ions and material environments require their own account.
Read each reference property together with its units, conditions and the reference information below.
Not yet recorded: electron affinity, second ionization energy, ground-state term symbol, van der waals radius, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, electrical resistivity, crystal structure, lattice parameter a, space group, abundance in seawater, abundance in the universe, annual production, supply-risk listing, hazard classification, biological role, cas registry number, pubchem cid, wikidata item. These families are declared and awaiting an ingestion run against the source each names; they are listed here rather than shown as empty rows.
Physical
Intended reference: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics · CRC Press
Phase at 20 °C
Not recorded
293.15 K, 101.325 kPa
Melting point
Not recorded
at standard pressure unless noted
Boiling point
Not recorded
101.325 kPa
Density
Not recorded
solids and liquids at 293 K; gases at 273 K and 101.325 kPa
Atomic and electronic
Intended reference: Pauling electronegativity scale · Widely tabulated; original in The Nature of the Chemical Bond
Electronegativity
Not recorded
Pauling scale
First ionization energy
Not recorded
gas-phase neutral atom, ground state
Covalent radius
Not recorded
single-bond covalent radius
Common oxidation states
Not recorded
states met in ordinary compounds; not exhaustive
Occurrence and identity
Intended reference: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics · CRC Press
Abundance in the crust
Not recorded
upper continental crust, mass fraction
Has stable isotopes
Noderived
Discovery year in CE
2000 CEderived
WHERE IT SITS AMONG ITS NEIGHBORS
Electronegativity across period 7
Ra 0.9 Pauling · Radium
Electronegativity across period 7. Exact values.
Ra
0.9
Ac
1.1
Th
1.3
Pa
1.5
U
1.38
Np
1.36
Pu
1.28
Am
1.13
Cm
1.28
Bk
1.3
Cf
1.3
Es
1.3
Fm
1.3
Md
1.3
No
1.3
Lr
1.3
Electronegativity down group 16
O 3.44 Pauling · Oxygen
Electronegativity down group 16. Exact values.
O
3.44
S
2.58
Se
2.55
Te
2.1
Po
2
The trend uses the same reference-property values as the periodic table. Elements with no recorded value are left out of the line rather than drawn at zero.
