Skip to content
KinPilot™Learn & Explore
Menu
← Scientists

Experimental chemistry and pharmacy · 1742–1786

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Scheele was a German-Swedish pharmaceutical chemist whose investigations included oxygen, chlorine, and manganese compounds. He prepared oxygen independently before Priestley, but his book on air and fire was published in 1777. His experiments were often expressed in the language of phlogiston. Reading that language carefully preserves the distinction between an observed reaction and a later explanation of it.

Contribution & context

He connects two stories: chemical investigation of manganese and early oxygen preparation. He did not isolate manganese metal in the experiment conventionally credited to Gahn.

Portrait of Carl Wilhelm Scheele: archival descriptionChemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer (1777)On Manganese and its Properties (1774), translated excerpts

Discoveries in context

A familiar black mineral, an unfamiliar metal ↗

Manganese became an element through chemical investigation and metal isolation, long after people had learned to use its ores.

The gas that changed the explanation of fire ↗

Scheele and Priestley prepared an unusual gas; Lavoisier and his collaborators helped make it central to a different chemical system.

A family that resists being isolated ↗

Chlorine, iodine, bromine and fluorine were all recognized in compounds long before they could be separated from them, and fluorine took more than a century.

Sources & further reading

  1. Portrait of Carl Wilhelm Scheele: archival description ↗Science History Institute Digital CollectionsHistorical account · Source checked
  2. Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer (1777) ↗Smithsonian Libraries and ArchivesOriginal research · Source checked
  3. On Manganese and its Properties (1774), translated excerpts ↗Le Moyne College — Carmen Giunta, classic chemistry papersOriginal research · Source checked

Sources and further reading. What the review labels mean